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Sleep Deprivation Declared a National Health Crisis

March 4, 2024

Do you get between 7-8 hours of sleep every night? According to a 2019 study, 62% of adults in the US reported not getting enough ZZZs. And though sleep may sit low on people’s priorities compared to other issues, chronic sleep deprivation can have short-term and long-term consequences on productivity, and mental and physical health. So much so, that the CDC declared sleep disorders as a public health epidemic. Risks of sleep deprivation include proneness to car accidents, medical mistakes, and industrial accidents. Long-term health consequences include increased risk of cancer, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and depression. We’ll go over the correlation between health problems and sleep deprivation in the following.

In the early 1900s, adults were sleeping close to 9 hours a night. Over the past few decades, sleep disorders like insomnia have significantly increased. It is estimated that sleep deprivation costs the US economy around $63 billion a year due to productivity loss. A huge survey performed with close to 50 million people revealed that 23.2% of people had concentration issues after not getting enough sleep. And 8.6% (18 million) of people had problems with job performance.

We all know what the difference a good night's sleep makes on our mood, motivation, and productivity. But how do we actually go on to beat the odds, and be in the percentage of people who are getting quality sleep every night? This article will explore some potential solutions to the nagging sleep problem our society deals with.

The U-shaped theory: Obesity, Heart Attacks and Sleep Deprivation

With sleep, you might think the more the better, but that’s not quite it. Researchers have found a peculiar trend, where participants experienced increased health problems associated with obesity, diabetes, and heart stroke when they consistently slept under around 7 hours, or above 9. At the bottom of the U curve, you have the lowest propensity for those health issues, between the 7 to 9 hours a night mark.

Higher body mass index: A 13-year study that followed 500 adults revealed that by age 27, individuals with short sleep duration (<6 hours) were 7.5 times more likely to have higher body mass index, controlling for factors like family history, physical activity, and demographic factors.

Heart attacks: Adults with shorter and longer sleep duration of 7.7. hours had a progressively higher risk of heart attacks.

Mortality: Five hours of sleep or less was associated with a 45% increase in mortality risk after adjusting for age, BMI, smoking, and snoring. Similarly elevated risks were also found for sleeping 9 hours or more.

Types of Sleep Problems

The most common type of sleep problem is insomnia, or the inability to fall asleep. Just over a third of people reported suffering from insomnia, the highest percentage across all health issues impacting sleep like snoring, shift work sleep disorder, chronic pain, sleep apnea and narcolepsy. During the COVID pandemic, searches relating to insomnia in the US increased 58%.

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Another common sleep problem is sleep apnea, which is the sporadic cessation of breathing during sleep. This causes the individual to wake up frequently during the night. The risk of sleep apnea is increased by obesity because more fat deposits around the neck restrict the airway flow.

Other types of sleep loss problems are categorized into lifestyle/occupational and sleep disorders.

1. Lifestyle and Occupational

Shift work, prolonged working hours, jet lag, irregular sleep schedules.

2. Sleep Disorders

Insomnia, sleep-disordered breathing, RLS, narcolepsy, circadian rhythm disorders.

The Role of Stress in Sleep

Several lifestyle and behavioural patterns can contribute to stress. The pandemic, for example, caused an increase in stress and sleep problems. Increased resilience to longer working hours, shift work, and access to travel can all affect our natural circadian systems. We also spend a lot of time on our phones, which are constantly nudging us with pings, distressing news, and “urgent” messages. Social media use can contribute to higher anxiety, especially among younger users.

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Causes of Sleep Loss

Environmental, biological, and psychological factors can lead to sleep deprivation. Here are some of the common culprits.

- Light exposure. Light exposure reduces melatonin in our bodies, which is a sleep-inducing hormone. When our bodies are exposed to light, it cues our brain that it’s daytime and prompts us to stay awake. Blue light comes from screens (think smartphones, laptops, television..ect) and can hinder our ability to fall asleep. A Harvard study showed that participants exposed to blue light had reduced melatonin levels and circadian rhythms shifted twice as long as compared to those who were exposed to green light.

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-Transition to Remote Work

Remote work has become more desirable due to the advance of technology, and the aftermath of the pandemic. However, surveys reveal that remote workers tend to feel more pressure to be available at all hours of the day, compared to non-remote workers. 65% of remote workers responded that they worked longer hours than when in the office. Remote work can cause irregular work hours, lack of personal-work boundaries, and longer time spent in front of screens late at night, which can disrupt sleep quality.

-Cell phone use before bed

Nearly half of the participants in a survey reported using their phones right before they went to bed and the first thing they did upon rising. Blue light exposure in the evening can make it harder to fall asleep. Checking social media the first thing in the morning can cause a shoot-up of dopamine, followed by withdrawal shortly after.

-Shift work

An increase in the prevalence of shift work, such as night shifts can disrupt worker’s circadian rhythms. 30% of Canadians work shifts or non-standard hours as a requirement for their jobs. The main results of a study conducted by Statistics Canada showed that men who worked evening, rotating or irregular shifts had increased odds of being diagnosed with a chronic condition over 4 years. With both sexes, there were increases in psychological distress over two years.

- Greater access to television and the internet

The plethora of screens in our lives promotes distraction and procrastination and causes us to stay up later than we need to. Paired with early morning alarm clocks, it’s a recipe for consistent sleep deprivation.

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The Dollar Cost of Sleep Deprivation

Long-term sleep deprivation not only causes a health tax that’s hard to repair, but it also seems to have a substantial financial impact. In one US study, it was estimated that the US economy loses $63 billion a year due to insomnia. This was based on the calculation that workers lost out on an average of 11.3 days ($2,280) of productivity every year due to sleep issues.

Other developed nations like the UK, Japan and Germany reflected similar results. Societal sleep deprivation was costing anywhere between 1-3% of the country’s annual GDP.

Forgoing sleep to work more is often glamorized in a society that upholds productivity and wealth creation. However, not sleeping enough could end up costing you more in the long run.

Conclusion

In the relentless pursuit of productivity and success, sleep often becomes the sacrificial lamb on the altar of ambition. Yet, as the evidence mounts and the consequences become clearer, it's apparent that the true cost of sleep deprivation extends far beyond the individual. It permeates our collective health, economy, and well-being, manifesting as a national health crisis.

From the staggering economic losses to the insidious toll on physical and mental health, the ramifications of sleep deprivation reverberate throughout society. It's a silent epidemic, insidiously undermining our vitality, productivity, and longevity.

However, amidst the bleak statistics and dire warnings lies a glimmer of hope. By acknowledging the critical importance of sleep and prioritizing its restoration, we can begin to reverse this alarming trend. Whether through embracing natural supplements, adopting healthier lifestyle habits, or challenging societal norms that glorify overwork, there are pathways to reclaiming our right to rest.

In the battle against sleep deprivation, every individual has a role to play. By valuing sleep not as a luxury, but as a fundamental pillar of well-being, we can pave the way towards a healthier, more resilient future—one where the nation no longer suffers under the weight of exhaustion but thrives in the embrace of a good night of ZZZs.

Citations

Colten, H. R. (1970, January 1). Extent and health consequences of chronic sleep loss and sleep disorders. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19961/

Shafer, L. (2017, December 15). Social media and teen anxiety. Harvard Graduate School of Education. https://www.gse.harvard.edu/ideas/usable-knowledge/17/12/social-media-and-teen-anxiety

Shields, M. (2022, July). Shift work and health. Shift Work and Health . https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2001004/article/6315-eng.pdf

Teh, D. (2021, September 27). Too many of us are sleep deprived and it’s become a crisis. HealthMatch. https://healthmatch.io/blog/too-many-of-us-are-sleep-deprived-and-its-become-a-crisis

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